Cultures+Clash+-+Deerfield+,+Mass.

=CULTURES CLASH - STUDY OF POCUMTUCKS AND ENGLISH SETTLERS IN COLONIAL DEERFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS=

**Unit Overview**  In this unit, students learn the basic skills needed to do research and to "read" primary and secondary sources, to see what they can reveal about the cultural characteristics and attitudes of the English, French, and Native Americans in the Deerfield area in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. At the same time, they learn about the attitudes and behaviors of these three groups toward one another. Then, they use what they have learned to analyze the 1704 attack on Deerfield and the various events that led up to it. Their study of cultures and attitudes not only helps them understand how Queen Anne's War affected the peoples of the Deerfield area, but also it helps them understand why conflicts happen and how they can escalate. The unit then leads students through an analysis of a wide variety of "accounts" of the attack, from contemporary writings, to an early 20th century movie, to late 20th century "action figures." These "accounts" all reflect a distinct point of view, which students learn to "read" and understand. Throughout, the unit encourages students to question motives and attitudes before reaching conclusions about the causes and effects of an important event in American history.

**Grade Level: Fourth Grade**  **Number of lessons in the unit: Eight ( Lessons 2-8 currently under construction)**  **Time Needed to Complete Unit: Eight to twelve class periods, forty-five minutes each**

Curriculum Standards addressed:  4th Grade Social Studies:

4.14 Identify the five different European countries (France, Spain, England, Russia, and the Netherlands) that influenced different regions of the present United States at the time the New World was being explored and describe how their influence can be traced to place names, architectural features, and language. (H, G)

4.15 Describe the diverse nature of the American people by identifying the distinctive contributions to American culture of: A. several indigenous peoples in different areas of the country (e.g., Navajo, Seminoles, Sioux, Hawaiians, and Inuits). B. African Americans, including an explanation of their early concentration in the South because of slavery and the Great Migration to northern cities in the 20th century, and recent African immigrant groups (e.g., Ethiopian) and where they tended to settle in large numbers. C. major European immigrant groups who have come to America, locating their countries of origin and where they tended to settle in large numbers (e.g., English, Germans, Italians, Scots, Irish, Jews, Poles, and Scandinavians). D. major Spanish-speaking (e.g., Cubans, Mexicans) and Asian (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese) immigrant groups who have come to America in the 19th and 20th centuries, locating their countries of origin and where they tended to settle in large numbers. (H, G)

__**Thinking Standards:**__

__**Historical Comprehension**__

__**Historical Research Capabilities**__

__**Historical Issues Analysis & Decision Making**__

LESSON 1 - POCUMTUCKS IN DEERFIELD
//Students will understand://
 * Understandings**

1. the "Beaver Story" and that it reflects the Pocumtucks' religious belief that souls and spirits exist in the physical world. 2. the Pocumtucks' concept of land ownership, which emphasized sharing the land and all that it provides. 3. that the Pocumtucks migrated within their territory due to their seasonal needs. Consequently, their homes were not permanent structures. 4. that the Pocumtucks believed that the land would always be available to them for farming, hunting, and gathering. 5. that the Pocumtucks were able to provide for themselves and their families by trading with Europeans and by hunting and farming. 6. that the depletion of beaver populations had a significant social impact on the Native people in Western Massachusetts. As the beaver trade grew and the beavers were depleted, local Native American groups had to move farther away to hunt, infringing on the territories of other people and resulting in conflicts.

//Students will://
 * Skills**

1. be able to gather information from a variety of primary and secondary sources and will be able to use this information to form hypotheses and reach conclusions. 2. gain the skills necessary to do independent research through their use of resource books, primary sources, and the internet. 3. be able to identify on the map the location of the Pocumtucks, who lived in Deerfield, Massachusetts, in 1704. 4. be able to describe aspects and characteristics of Pocumtuck life.

 SOURCES FOR THIS UNIT Haefeli, Evan and Kevin Sweeney, "Revisiting the Redeemed Captive: New Perspectives on the 1704 Attack on Deerfield," in //After King Philip's War, Presence and Persistence in Indian New England//. Colin G. Calloway, editor,. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1977, pp. 28-71.

 Jennings, Francis, //The Invasion of America, Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest.// New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1976.

 Lepore, Jill, //The Name of War, King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity.// New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.  Marshall. Cyril //The Mayflower Destiny//, Harrisburg, PA, Stackpole Books, 1975 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Melvoin, Richard I., //New England Outpost, War and Society in Colonial Deerfield.// New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1989.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Williams, John, edited by Edward W. Clark, //The Redeemed Captive.// Amherst, Massachusetts: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1976. ||
 * http://www.crossmyt.com/hc/gen/deerfild.html
 * David Grayson Allen [|Vacuum Domicilium: The Social and Cultural Landscape of Seventeenth Century New England] from //New England Begins//. pp. 1-9 on EDSITEment-reviewed [|Memorial Hall Museum]. This long essay focuses on New England maps towards the end.
 * [|English Colonization], Kevin Sweeney on "[|European Land Use and the Transformation of the Northeast]" and by Marge Bruchac on "[|Native Land Use and Settlements in the Northeastern Woodlands]"
 * http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/plymouth/maps.html
 * http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/plymouth/maps.html